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Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae

(Wawra) Lammers (1988)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Campanulaceae Genus: Clermontia

‘ōhā, ‘ōhā wai, ‘ōhā wai nui, ‘ōhāhāwainui, hāhā, ʻōhā wai nui [oha wai nui]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs or trees, 1.5–8 m tall, terrestrial or epiphytic.

Stems: Stems branched repeatedly, spreading, light gray or light brown, glabrous or rarely pubescent, with numerous helically arranged leaf scars near apex, pith solid, latex white, viscous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblong, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 10–23 cm long, 2–6.5 cm wide. Apex acute, acuminate, or cuspidate, rarely obtuse or rounded. Base cuneate or attenuate, rarely obtuse or rounded. Lower surfaces glabrous. Margins callose crenulate, rarely callose–serrulate. Petioles 1.5–8 cm long, glabrous. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences axillary, 2–flowered or commonly 1–flowered through abortion, glabrous or rarely pubescent; peduncle 0.4–1.4 cm long; pedicels 1.2–4.8 cm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect), epigynous, zygomorphic, resupinate, protandrous. Hypanthium 1–2.2 cm long, 1–2 cm in diameter, glabrous. Calyx synsepalous, lobes 2–9 (–11) mm long, deltate or shallowly triangular; apex acute, obtuse, or emarginate; tube adnate to the ovary, forming a hypanthium, hemispheric, obconic, obovoid, turbinate, or rarely oblong, smooth or with 10 longitudinal furrows, rarely muricate or with 10 longitudinal ridges; lobes 5, valvate, either less than 1⁄2 as long as the corolla, distinct or rarely connate at base, persistent, triangular or deltate, rarely oblong or ovate, firm, green, or as long as the corolla (rarely only ⅔ as long), connate for 1/5–⅘ their length, deciduous, mimicking the corolla in shape, texture, and color. Corolla 6.2–8 (–8.8) cm long, bilabiate, green externally, greenish white or magenta internally, glabrous; tube 2.2–3.4 cm long, 1–2 cm in diameter; lobes 5, dorsal lobes 3.8–5.3 (–6.1) cm long, (4–) 5–7 mm wide, obtuse or rounded at apex; trifid lip 2.5–4 cm long, (7–) 8.5–12 mm wide. Stamens 5, syngenesious, alternate with the corolla lobes, staminal column included, curved; anthers connate, dithecal, opening introrsely by longitudinal slits, dark purple, the 3 dorsal ones a little longer than the 2 ventral ones, the latter with tufts of stiff white trichomes at apex, the tube 1.3–2 cm long, 4.5–7 mm in diameter, pubescent or rarely glabrous; filaments connate above, free from the corolla, 4.4–5.7 cm long, magenta, glabrous. Pollen tricolporate, prolate, ellipsoidal. Ovary inferior, 2-carpellate, 2-loculed; ovule placentation axile, placentae large; style slender, terete (cylindrical), with a ring of stiff white hairs near apex; stigma 2-lobed, the lobes appressed and non–receptive as the style grows through the anther tube, pushing out pollen, after which the stigmas spread and become receptive.

Fruit: Berries 2.5–4 cm long; 2.5–4 cm in diameter; orange; subglobose or obovoid; pericarp thick; leathery; placentae juicy or spongy; apex truncate; crowned with a low circular rim and base of style. Seeds numerous; tiny; dark brown or black; minutely foveate–reticulate; shiny; with a straight; short to spatulate dicotyledonous embryo embedded in oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Montane rain forests and cloud forests.

Elevation Range: 610–1525 m. (West Maui, from Waihe'e and Ka'anapali south to Pu'u Kukui); 850–1825 m. (windward slopes of Haleakalā, East Maui)

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Syst. Bot. 13: 497 (1988)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:427 (Mo, L, EM, WM); Lammers 1991:28 (remove Mo, L [re-IDed as C. arborescens subsp. waikoluensis], KEY, DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Keanae trail Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Maui BISH
2 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Kipahulu, R ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1689 Maui BISH 1919-11-20
3 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Makawao Forest Reserve, Olinda pipe line with Metrosideros, koa, Coprosma, Cheirodendron, ferns; wet Preserved_Specimen 3 m x 1 dm shrub, 14 m across Woolford, H.A. 138 Maui BISH 1955-12-25
4 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae W Maui, Puu Kukui, Haelaau Cabin wet; with Metrosideros, Clermontia grandiflora, Straussia, Scaevola Preserved_Specimen 12' tree; flowers with succulent corolla lobes, pale green, ovary white, veined green, turning orange as it matures into fruit Carlquist, S. 1845 Maui BISH 1966-06-21
5 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae 2 mi from Pogue's in moist forest on ridge from ditch trail Preserved_Specimen Bergman, H.F. Maui BISH 1927-12-28
6 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae W Maui, Haelaau ridge Preserved_Specimen 20' x 8 tree; corolla green, petal lobes 4 mm thick, staminal column dark violet St.John, H. 10202 Maui BISH 1930-02-05
7 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Puu Kukui trail, above Mountain House shade, under Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. Maui BISH 1973-10-17
8 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi Valley, vicinity of Waiohonu Stream. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Kadua, Perrottetia, Scaevola, Coprosma, Melicope, Myrsine, Acacia, Pritchardia, Vaccinium, Labordia, Clermontia, Pneumatopteris, Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Cibotium, Sadleria, Clidemia, Tibouchina, Cyperus, Hedychium, Kyllinga, Juncus, Paspalum. Preserved_Specimen Many branched shrubs to 3 meters tall, terrestrial or epiphytic, corolla green and purple. Many plants observed with truncate calyx; specimen had the largest sepals observed. Oppenheimer, H.L. 51325 Maui BISH 2013-05-30
9 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Alaenui Ahupuaa, Southeast slope of Haleakala, along the south wall of the lower northern section of Kipahulu Valley. Transect 16, Station 24. Wet koa-ohia forest with other native trees and native shrub-matted-fern understory. Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9410 Maui BISH 1980-07-22
10 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, Kipahulu Forest Reserve, Nuanualoa stream with Athyrium, Acacia, Cyanea, Cheirodendron Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 3066 Maui BISH 1976-07-16
11 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, 2 miles E of Olinda Acacia koa-Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen small branching rounded tree 10 ft. high, 4 inches dia. at base, bark tan; fls. very thickish, sepals yellow below, greenish at tips, petals same; anthers, filaments maroon; stigma lt. green. Henrickson, J.S. 3737 Maui BISH 1969-06-27
12 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Makawao, Haiku, N Haleakala, upper W fork of W Wailuaiki Stream, Koolau Forest Reserve wet ohia forest, native trees, shrubs, treeferns; near stream in gulch Preserved_Specimen 3 m tree, in bud Higashino, P.K. 9054 Maui BISH 1980-05-31
13 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Lower Waikamoi Native rainforest Preserved_Specimen 10 ft tall, tree, woody, common on trail Carter, I. 1 Maui BISH 2011-06-03
14 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae West Maui, Honokawai edge of gulch Preserved_Specimen 20' tree Rock, J.F.C. 8202 Maui BISH 1910-08-22
15 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve, 2 mi above Olinda, road to Waikamoi flume with Acacia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Sadleria, Smilax sandwicensis, Alyxia oliviformis, Rubus Preserved_Specimen 6-9' tree; flowers fleshy, green, staminal column purple Gustafson, R. 1104 Maui BISH 1978-07-15
16 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae N Haleakala, E of Kuhiwa wet ohia forest with native trees, shrubs, treefern Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9165 Maui BISH 1980-06-14
17 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Makawao, Keanae, N Haleakala, Koolau FR, W Wailuanui wet ohia forest with other native trees, shrubs, treefern; epiphyte on Cibotium Preserved_Specimen 2 m Higashino, P.K. 9085 Maui BISH 1980-06-01
18 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, between Puu Ahulili and Kaupo Gap with Athyrium, Dryopteris, Acacia, Metrosideros, Myrsine Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 3012 Maui BISH 1976-07-07
19 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, Kipahulu, 1-3 km E of Kaupo Gap dry; with koa, mamane, grass, native shrub Preserved_Specimen 2.5 m x 8 cm with ~50 branches; epiphyte 2.5 m up on koa; corolla with thick petals; no lobes on calyx Warshauer, F.R. 2559 Maui BISH 1980-05-27
20 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, Kipahulu Forest Reserve, Nuanualoa stream, W side with Sadleria, Acacia, Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 3088 Maui BISH 1976-07-16
21 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Makawao, Haiku, NW Haleakala, Opana Gulch wet ohia forest with other native trees, shrubs, treefern; epiphyte on Cibotium, ~1.5 m up Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2739 Maui BISH 1980-06-29
22 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Olinda, Kula flume pipe line wet woods Preserved_Specimen 20' tree; flower green, stamens purplish; fruit yellow, turbinate, 5x4 cm, not ridged or furrowed St.John, H. 10325 Maui BISH 1930-02-11
23 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Keanae Valley forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7948 Maui BISH 1927-07-19
24 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Hana, Nahiku, N Haleakala, E of Kuhiwa Stream, Koolau Forest Reserve wet ohia forest, native trees, shrubs, treeferns Preserved_Specimen shrub, epiphyte Higashino, P.K. 9154 Maui BISH 1980-06-13
25 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Lahaina District. West Maui, Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, above Hielauu Cabin on boardwalk. Metrosideros Montane Wet Forest: with Metrosideros, Broussaisia arguta, Melicope clustifolia, Chirodendron, Kadua affinis, Coprosma, Clermontia arborescens, C. micrantha, Myrsine lessertiana, M. sandwicensis, Smilax, Dicranopteris, Mac Preserved_Specimen Multibranched shrub 8 feet tall. Circular windown Philidoria mines and petiole mines. Leaves dark shinny green with raised lateral veins, below light green with dark green venation, margin undulating toward tip. Purple tint in petiole and upper midrib. Fruit orange. Flowers purple staminal column, petals fleshy, white insid. Tangalin, N. 3482 Maui BISH 2013-04-10
26 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Waikamoi rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27729 Maui BISH 1961-07-02
27 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Makawao Forest Reserve, Olinda pipe line with Metrosideros, koa, Coprosma, Cheirodendron, ferns; wet Preserved_Specimen 3 m x 1 dm shrub, 14 m across Woolford, H.A. 138 Maui BISH 1955-12-25
28 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Kula pipe line wet forest Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 733 Maui BISH 1927-11-23
29 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, Kipahulu Valley, lower shelf near Palikea Stream. Vegetation: Acacia, Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Psidium, Coprosma, Llex, Melicope, Myrsine, Dicranopteris, sphaeropteris, Clidemia, Paspalum, Kyllinga, Machaerina, Labordia. Preserved_Specimen Common shrubs or small trees to 5m tall, latex white. The only form in this region, which have smaller flowers than the other subspecies, as well as much reduced or no sepals. Oppenheimer, H.L. 51801 Maui BISH 2018-05-11
30 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, between Puu Ahulili and Kaupo Gap with Dicranopteris, Cheirodendron, Metrosideros, Myrsine Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 2906 Maui BISH 1976-07-06
31 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae N Haleakala, Makawao, from Ululele to rain guage on Waikamoi Stream wet ohia forest Preserved_Specimen 3 m tree; hypanthium greenish white with green ribs and lobes; corolla thick and succulent, pale greenish white at base outside, lobes pale green outside, greenish white inside, the throat dark maroon; staminal column and anthers dull purple Lammers, T.G. 5581 Maui BISH 1984-07-03
32 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Lahaina District, Kauaula Valley, north fork. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Dodonaea, Perrottetia, Broussaisia, Kadua, Psychotria, Xylosma, Ilex, Citotium, Sadleria, Cyanea, Diplazium, Peperomia, Clermontia, Christella, Coprosma, Pneumatopteris, Freycinetia, Elaphoglossum, Dicranopteris, Sticherus, Diplopterygium, Dubautia, Smilax, Microlepia. Preserved_Specimen Possibly common, but most plants only vegetative this time of year. Growing with C. a. subsp. Arborescens; trees to 5 meters tall; latex white. Flowers thick and fleshy when fresh. Oppenheimer, H.L. 20933 Maui BISH 2009-02-19
33 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Behind Haelaau Cabin on Kaulalewelewe Hill, Puu Kukui Trail Mesic forest. Preserved_Specimen Perennial tree to 3m; flowers grn w/ yellow & purple. Annable, C.R. 3817 Maui BISH 1998-02-12
34 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Haleakala Ranch pipe line thick rainforest Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 734 Maui BISH 1927-11-27
35 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, upper west fork of West Wailuaiki. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Ilex, Melicope, Myrsine, Coprosma, Rubus, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Sadleria, Dubautia, Pseudophegopteris, Athyrim, Dryopteris, Smilax, Arachniodes, Oreogrammitis, Peperomia, Pteris, Pneumatopteris, marattia, Coniogramme, elaphoglossum, Polystichum, Asplenium, Carex, Astelia, Uncinia. Preserved_Specimen Occasional, many branched shrubs. Oppenheimer, H.L. 51107 Maui BISH 2011-05-11
36 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Olinda, pipe line trail rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7945 Maui BISH 1927-06-21
37 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae West Maui, Honokawai edge of gulch Preserved_Specimen 20' tree Rock, J.F.C. 8202 Maui BISH 1910-08-22
38 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae West Maui, Honokawai edge of gulch Preserved_Specimen 20' tree Rock, J.F.C. 8202 Maui BISH 1910-08-22
39 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Olinda, pipe line trail dense rain forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7946 Maui BISH 1927-06-19
40 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Maui Wet to mesic cool Montain Rain or Cloud Forest, 15 m tall canopy of Acacia Koa and epiphyte-covered Metrosideros collina & Cheirodendron trigynum; shrub layer of many tree ferns (Cibotium spp., Sadleria, Marattia douglasii), many small ferns, Cyrtandra spp., etc. in deep mossy peaty mulch on forest floor. Preserved_Specimen Common 1-3 m tall, fruit green, brilliant orange pulp with loose black seeds. Common in Koa forest. thick-stemmed, dichotomously branched shrub with flowers fleshy, greenish hushed with purple at tip, whitish at base, calyx green, the corolla green, the anthers deep black violet, the filament tube reddish-purple. Bonsey, E. 512 Maui BISH 1967-08-05
41 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi Valley, Transect 1 mid valley among Lycopodium cernuum and Dicranopteris Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 2568 Maui BISH 1972-07-21
42 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Makawao Forest Reserve Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen Shrub 10-15 ft., 2-3 in. diam., nearly unbranched. Little Jr., E.L. 31139 Maui BISH 1976-08-27
43 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Olinda Flume, Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen ~10' tree; calyx greenish white, veins darker green; corolla light green, purplish outside; stamens dark purple; style light green; flower thick, fleshy Crosby, M.R. 1765 Maui BISH 1964-07-16
44 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Koolau Forest Reserve montane rain forest along Olinda Pipeline Trail, betw. Waikamoi Stream & Honomanu Stream Preserved_Specimen Common Lobelioid shrub 2-4 m, branching sev. times, perianth cream yellow with green tips, very thick & succulent; corolla-lobes purple within, androecium purple, stigma greenish. Webster, G.L. 13953 Maui BISH 1968-06-26
45 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Makawao District, Koolau FR, Waikamoi Stream In open areas of wet forest. Vegetaion: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Dicranopteris, Perrottetia, Cyrtandra, Broussaisia, Pipturus, Kadua, Touchardia, Cibotium, Elaphoglossum, Adenophorus, Tibouchina, Setaria, Hedychium, Clidemia, Commelina. Preserved_Specimen Locally common shrubs to 7m tall. Oppenheimer, H.L. 70705 Maui BISH 2007-07-12
46 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Waikamoi, Olinda flume Preserved_Specimen 5 m shrub; large coarse flowers, greenish white Gillett, G.W. 2415 Maui BISH 1972-07-31
47 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae West Maui, Honokowai Preserved_Specimen 20' tree Rock, J.F.C. 8202 Maui BISH 1910-08-22
48 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Olinda pipe line trail with Pipturus, Cyanea, Clermontia, Cheirodendron, Pelea Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1698 Maui BISH 1965-01-01
49 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae West Maui, Maunahooma Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 23 Maui BISH 1910-05-01
50 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Olinda Forest Reserve, Waikamoi Flume. field no. E. Maui_29 Preserved_Specimen viscous milky sap, fruits light yellow Pyle, L. 1938 Maui BISH 1985-01-12
51 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae W Maui, Lahaina District, Puu Kukui, Haelaau cabin with Metrosideros, Clermontia reticulata, Broussaisia, Sadleria Preserved_Specimen Carlquist, S. 21 Maui BISH 1953-08-26
52 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae West Maui, Hanakaou Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 45 Maui BISH 1910-05-01
53 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Kailua, Waihanepe trail Preserved_Specimen 10-20' tree Rock, J.F.C. Maui BISH 1909-01-19
54 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Maui Preserved_Specimen Wawra, H. 1956 Maui BISH
55 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae W Maui, Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 431 Maui BISH 1916-09-25
56 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 928 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
57 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Kaulalewelewe Kukui, 19.9 N 156.6 W Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620418003 Maui BISH 1962-04-18
58 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae N Haleakala, Papaaea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2525 Maui BISH 1920-06-14
59 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Olinda pipeline between Waikamoi and Honomanu Valleys Preserved_Specimen Lamoureux, C.H. 1998 Maui BISH 1962-06-22
60 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620418046 Maui BISH 1962-04-18
61 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Haleakala, Kula pipe line Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 884 Maui BISH 1922-10-18
62 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae W Maui, Puu Kukui, on trail toward Nakalalua Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2685 Maui BISH 1938-07-26
63 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8515 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
64 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8515 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
65 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8515 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
66 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Honokahau Drainage Basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 449 Maui BISH 1917-09-25
67 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1882 Maui BISH 1966-04-14
68 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, W edge of Makawao Forest Reserve Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Maui BISH 1979-10-05
69 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Koolau Forest Reserve, Kula pipeline, lower flume Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6568 Maui BISH 1970-08-16
70 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae East Maui, Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8515 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
71 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Maui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Maui BISH
72 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Keauai trail Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Maui BISH 1911-01-01
73 Clermontia arborescens subsp. waihiae Olinda Forest Reserve Preserved_Specimen Pyle, L. 1938 Maui BISH 1938-01-01
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